Some degrees need specific A-levels, especially medicine, engineering, physical sciences, mathematics and advanced languages. Others, including law, business, politics and many humanities or social science courses, are usually more flexible. Use this guide to see the common patterns, then check the exact wording for each course.
Choosing A-levels can affect which degrees are open to you later, but the rules are not the same for every subject.
Medicine, engineering, physical sciences, mathematics and advanced languages often have firm subject requirements. Law, business, politics, sociology and many humanities or social science degrees are usually more flexible. Some courses sit in the middle: psychology, economics, architecture, computer science and life sciences can vary significantly by university.
Don't treat all subject advice as if it carries the same weight. “Required”, “preferred” and “useful” do not mean the same thing.
Required, preferred and useful subjects
When you read university entry requirements, look carefully at the wording.
A required subject is one you need to have studied to be considered. If a course requires A-level Chemistry, Mathematics or a language, that is not just a suggestion. The university is saying that the course depends on knowledge or skills from that subject. This is common in degrees such as medicine, engineering, chemistry, physics, mathematics, some economics courses and some language routes.
A preferred subject is not always compulsory, but it can still matter. A university may consider applicants without it, but students who have it may be better prepared or more competitive. This is especially important for selective courses, where many applicants already meet the basic grades.
A useful subject supports preparation but is not usually essential. English Literature can be useful for law, history, politics and other essay-based subjects. Biology can be useful for psychology, sport science or health-related areas. Mathematics can be useful for many data-heavy subjects. Useful does not mean required; it means the subject may help you build relevant skills.
Why subject choice matters
Universities use A-level subjects to judge preparation, not just academic level. Grades show how strongly you are performing, but subjects show the background you are bringing into the degree.
A course that starts quickly with advanced mathematics, laboratory science or language work may expect you to have studied those areas already. A course built around reading, argument and essay writing may value subjects that show those skills.
This is why A-level choices can open or close options. If you are considering medicine but do not take Chemistry, your choices will be heavily restricted. If you are considering engineering without Mathematics, many routes will not be available. If you are considering law, the position is different: most law degrees do not require A-level Law.
Check requirements early, not after you have already chosen your subjects.
If you want to understand how entry requirements should affect course choice more broadly, read How Important Are Entry Requirements When Choosing a Degree?.
Common A-level requirements by degree area
The patterns below are useful starting points, but the individual course page gives the requirement you must follow.
Medicine, dentistry and veterinary science
These courses usually have strict science requirements. Chemistry is often central, and Biology is commonly required or strongly preferred.
Some universities require both Chemistry and Biology. Others require Chemistry plus another science or Mathematics. You may also need admissions tests, interviews, work experience or specific GCSE grades.
GCSEs can matter more for these courses than students expect, so check whether universities look at GCSE grades as part of the entry requirements before you rely only on your A-level choices.
Check requirements before choosing A-levels; missing the required sciences can close many options.
Engineering
Engineering degrees commonly require Mathematics. Physics is often required or strongly preferred, especially for mechanical, civil, electrical and aerospace engineering.
Further Mathematics can be useful for highly selective or mathematically demanding courses, but it is not always required.
Engineering requirements vary, so check whether each university requires Mathematics alone, Mathematics and Physics, or another science combination.
Computer science
Computer Science requirements vary more than some applicants expect.
Mathematics is often required for more theoretical or selective courses. A-level Computer Science is useful, but it is not always required.
Some universities care more about mathematical thinking than prior school-level computing. If you are aiming at competitive Computer Science courses, Mathematics may be more important than Computer Science itself.
Mathematics, physics and physical sciences
Mathematics is essential for Mathematics degrees and is usually required for Physics and many physical science degrees.
Physics degrees usually require both Mathematics and Physics. Chemistry degrees require Chemistry and may also require or prefer Mathematics or another science.
Further Mathematics can be valuable for selective Mathematics, Physics, Engineering or Economics courses, especially where the degree is highly quantitative.
Biology and life sciences
Biology, Biomedical Science, Zoology and related subjects often require or prefer Biology. Some courses also require or prefer Chemistry.
There is more variation here than in Medicine. Some life science courses accept one science subject; others expect two. Mathematics can also be helpful where the course includes statistics, data or scientific modelling.
Psychology
Psychology sits between science and social science, so requirements vary.
Some universities require a science or maths-related subject. Others accept a wider range of A-levels. Biology, Psychology, Mathematics and Sociology can all be relevant, but the exact requirements differ.
Do not assume A-level Psychology is required. Check whether the course expects science or maths preparation.
Law
Law degrees rarely require A-level Law.
Universities usually look for strong academic performance and evidence of reading, reasoning, analysis and clear writing. English Literature, History, Politics, Philosophy or Religious Studies can all provide useful preparation, but they are not usually compulsory.
A-level Law is acceptable at many universities, but it is not normally required for a Law degree.
English, history and humanities
Humanities degrees often value related essay-based subjects.
English degrees may require or strongly prefer English Literature or English Language and Literature. History degrees may require or prefer History, especially at selective universities. Philosophy, Classics, Theology and related subjects vary more by institution.
Where no subject is required, essay-based preparation can still be helpful because the degree will involve reading, argument and written analysis.
Languages
For advanced modern language degrees, the target language is often required.
Some universities also offer beginner routes, sometimes called ab initio routes, where you can start a language from scratch. Requirements depend on the language, course structure and whether you are applying for single honours, joint honours or a combined course.
Read the course title and entry requirements carefully. Similar language courses can expect different levels of prior study.
Business, management and economics
Business and Management degrees are often flexible about A-level subjects.
Economics is different. Mathematics is commonly preferred and often required, especially at selective universities or for more quantitative courses.
Do not group Business and Economics together too quickly. A Business course may accept a wide range of subjects, while an Economics course may expect strong mathematical preparation.
Creative arts, design and architecture
Creative Arts and Design courses may focus heavily on portfolio quality. Art and Design or related creative subjects can be useful, but the portfolio, interview or practical evidence may matter just as much.
Architecture can require a mix of academic and creative preparation. Some universities ask for a portfolio, while others have specific subject preferences. Check each route carefully.
Education, nursing and allied health
Education, Nursing, Midwifery and Allied Health subjects vary by course and university.
Some ask for science or social science subjects. Others are broader. Professional courses may also have placement, interview, GCSE or safeguarding-related requirements.
Because these routes can be tied to professional training, the individual course page matters more than general subject advice.
Similar degrees can ask for different subjects
Two universities can offer the same degree title but ask for different A-levels.
That usually reflects how the course is designed. One economics course may teach quantitative methods from a demanding starting point, while another may build more mathematical support into the first year. One psychology course may be more science-heavy, while another may take a broader social science approach.
The title may look the same, but the expected preparation can differ. Compare requirements course by course, not only subject by subject.
What if you do not have the typical subjects?
A non-typical A-level combination does not always rule you out.
Some courses are strict because prior knowledge is essential. Others accept a wider range of backgrounds, especially where the subject is not commonly studied before university.
Read the wording carefully. “Required”, “essential”, “preferred”, “useful”, “normally expected”, “accepted subjects”, “excluded subjects” and “alternative qualifications considered” do not mean the same thing.
If you are missing a required subject, check whether the university offers a foundation year, alternative route or accepts equivalent preparation. Do not guess. Contact admissions if the wording is unclear.
If your subjects do not match the usual route, Can You Study a Degree Without the ‘Right’ A-Levels? explains when alternatives may still be possible.
How to research A-level requirements properly
Use official university course pages, not forum answers or what someone else did last year. Requirements can vary between universities, courses and qualification types.
Start with the degree areas you are considering, then open several course pages for each subject. Record required subjects, preferred subjects and useful subjects separately. Note any required grades in specific subjects, as well as GCSE requirements, admissions tests, interviews, portfolio rules or other selection steps.
Then compare the pattern. If every course you like requires Mathematics, Chemistry, Physics or a language, that subject is not optional for your intended route. If some courses require it and others only prefer it, you may still have options, but your shortlist will need careful checking.
If you are still choosing A-levels and have not settled on a degree, aim for subjects that combine academic strength, genuine interest and future flexibility. For science, medicine, engineering or economics, Mathematics and core sciences may keep more routes open. For humanities and social sciences, strong essay-based subjects can provide broad preparation.
The right combination is not the one that sounds most impressive. It is the one that keeps open the degrees you may realistically want and gives you the best chance of strong grades.
If you are considering a subject you have not taken before, Should You Study a Subject You Haven’t Studied Before? explains how to check readiness and academic fit.
A-level subjects matter most when a degree depends on prior knowledge. For more flexible courses, your subjects still shape your preparation, even if they do not decide eligibility. Check the exact wording early, separate required from preferred subjects, and choose A-levels that support both your likely degree options and your chances of doing well.
